Practice Tests
IELTS Reading (AC) Task 1 #138

A. Sustainable agriculture is a method of farming that aims to meet society''s present food and textile needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is based on a holistic understanding of agro-ecosystems and seeks to integrate three main objectives: environmental health, economic profitability, and social equity. This approach moves away from industrial farming methods that often rely heavily on chemical inputs and monocultures, which can degrade soil, pollute water, and reduce biodiversity.

B. A key principle of sustainable agriculture is maintaining soil health. Practices such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and no-till farming help to prevent soil erosion, improve water retention, and enhance fertility by increasing organic matter. Instead of relying solely on synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, sustainable farmers use natural methods like composting to enrich the soil and integrated pest management (IPM) to control pests, which combines biological, cultural, and chemical controls in a way that minimises health and environmental risks.

C. Water conservation is another critical component. Sustainable practices like drip irrigation deliver water directly to the plant roots, significantly reducing the amount of water used compared to conventional flood or sprinkler irrigation. Additionally, promoting biodiversity is central to this approach. By planting a variety of crops and integrating livestock, farmers can create more resilient systems that mimic natural ecosystems, which are better able to withstand pests, diseases, and climate fluctuations.

D. The transition to sustainable agriculture faces challenges, including economic pressures on farmers and a food system geared towards mass production. However, there is growing consumer demand for sustainably produced food, and governments are increasingly recognising the long-term benefits of these practices. By protecting natural resources, supporting rural communities, and ensuring a stable food supply, sustainable agriculture offers a viable and necessary path towards a more resilient and equitable global food system.